The meaning of paragraph
  A paragraph is a related sentences that work together to express or develop an idea.

The structure of paragraph
  A paragraph has, at least, three major structural parts:
1. Topic Sentence
 A topic sentences is a clear statement that gives the main idea. A topic sentence is a sentence that states the main idea of the paragraph. It should be carefully worded to express a limited main idea.
2. Supporting Sentences
 Supporting sentences are the sentences that give more information about the topic sentence. They develop the topic sentence. They also called development sentences. All the sentences must be related to the topic sentence. They explain the topic sentence by giving reasons, illustration, examples, facts, statistics, and quotation.
 3. Concluding Sentence
   A conclusion is a judgment based on the evidence and must be logical. The last sentence of a paragraph is concluding sentence. It does not add new information to the paragraph. It repeats the main idea or idea using slightly different word. It signals the end of the paragraph and summarizes the important point briefly. Sometimes we use an end-of- paragraph signals as follows: in conclusion, in summary, finally, and so on.

Types of paragraph
  This type of paragraph describes something and show the reader what a thing or a person is like. The words chosen in the description often appeal to the five sences of touch, smell, sight, sound, and taste.

a.        The descriptive paragraph

this type of paragraph describes something and show the reader what a thing or a person is like. The words chosen in the description often appeal to the five sences of touch, smell, sight, sound, and taste.

b.        The narrative paragraph

This type of paragraph tells a story. There’s a sequence of action or there,s a clear beginning, middle, and end to the paragraph.

c.        The expository paragraph

This type of paragraph explains something or provides instruction. It could also describe a process and move the reader step by step through a method. This type of paragraph often requires research, but it”s possible that the writer is able to rely on his or her own knowledge and expertise.

d.        The persuasive paragraph

This type of paragraph tries to get the reader to accept a particular point of view or understand the writer’s position. This is the type of paragraph that many teachers focus on because it’s useful when building an argument. It often requires the collection of facts and research.

Definition of Adjective Clause:

Adjective clause or relative clause are dependent clause that determine adjectives to describe nouns or pronouns in the main clause in complex sentence. Adjective clause is formed with a word called relative pronoun.

Conjunction to form Adjective Clause Consisting of Five Groups Namely:

1. Relative Pronoun Subject

Relative pronoun subject is a conjunction used to replace the subject in a subclause or dependent clause. Conjunctions can be used as relative pronoun namely,who,which, that. Who is  a conjunction used for person,which is a conjunction for non person,that is a conjunction used for personally and nonpersonally.

Example :

Sella who loves eat has put on weight.

(The word “Sella”  in sub-clause which is positioned as a subject is replaced by who. The sub clause is placed right after the word “Sella” because the sub clause above explains subject in main clause which is the word”

2. Relative Pronoun Object (RPO)

Relative pronoun object is conjuction that functions to replace objects in sub clause or dependent clause. conjunctions classified as relative pronoun objects are whom, which and that. whom is for person, which is for non person, and that can be used both person and non person.

-Example

 the movie which we watched last night was very inspiring.

3. Relative Possessive  (R.Poss)

conjunctions belonging to the relative possessive group are whose (for person) and of which (for non-person). whose and of which functions to declare ownership, as well as possessive adjectives (her, his, its, and their) which must be followed by noun.

for example:

his book: whose book

 her talent: whose talent its

 color: which color

4. Relative (R.Adv )

  conjunction that located on group relative adverbd is where and when, where use fule for axplain place on adjective clause like city, country, room, house, building, and restaurant. When use fule for explaintain in adjactive clause like year they time country

5. Relative statement

  Conjunction that belongs to the relative adverb group is why. This conjunction can be replace by that . Why or that this appears after informative nouns like reason news, information, theory, idea, sugesstions.

What is a Noun Clause?

A noun clause is a dependent (or subordinate clause) that works as a noun. It can be the subject of a sentence, an object, or a complement. Like all nouns, the purpose of a noun clause is to name a person, place, thing, or idea. Sometimes when we want to name something, a single word won’t do – sometimes we need a group of words to name something. That is why we use noun clauses.

Type of Noun Clause:

1. Subject Noun Clause

2. Direct object Noun Clause

3. Object of Preposition Noun Clause

4. Subject as Complement Noun Clause.

Functions of Noun Clause :

As explained earlier, that noun clause can function both subject and object in a sentence. The various functions of the noun clause are as follows:

-       Subject of Sentence

Noun clause can function as a subject in a sentence.

Example:

What sophie said was not true.

-       Object of a Transitive Verb

Noun clause can function as a transitive verb object in a sentence.

Example:

I know what you said.

-       Object of Preposition

Noun clause can function as a prepositional object in a sentence. Example :

Sophie, you should be careful of what you will say.

-       Complement

Noun clause can function as a complement in a sentence. Example :

My happiness is that I have an honest friend like you, Sophie.

Adverbial clause is dependent clause that serves as adverb and provide information about the verb , adjective, or adverb located on the independent clause with capacity answered questions such as: how , when, where, and why. Adverbial clause starting with a word is called subordinate conjunction (such as when, after, because, and though) that connect with independent clause. combined adverbial clause and independent clause called complex sentence.

various adverbial clause, among others:

1. adverbial clause of time (time)

2. adverbial clause of place (spot)

3. adverbial clause of cause / reason / result (because / reason / a result)

4. adverbial clause purpose (purpose)

5. adverbial clause of condition (modality) 6. adverbial clause of contrast / consession (contradiction)

7. adverbial clause of manner

Adverb function

1. Adverbial clause of time

-after       -since

2. Adverbial clause of place

-where     -whenever

3. Adverbial contrast

-although     -even thoguh

4. Adverbial clause purpose

-in order that

-so

5. Adverbial clause of

condition

-as long as

-  if

6. Adverbial clause of manner

-how

7. Adverbial cluse of cause/reason

-because

-so

The formula adverbial clause in general formula complex sentence and adverbial clause as follows.

A. adverbial clause is (subordinate conjunction +'s + V +/- ... )

B. complex sentence (independent clause ('s + V +/- ...) + adverbial clause)

position adverbial clause adverbial clause can be in the beginning of the sentence, then followed by independent clause. instead, independent clause can be in the beginning of the sentence, then followed by adverbial clause. if you are in the beginning, at the end of this clause marked read a comma.

Complex Sentence

A complex sentence is an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator ( as, because, since, after, although, when, etc.. ) or relative pronouns(who, that, which, etc.. )

example:

§  The students are doing the homework because they will submit it tomorrow

§  Although I have been invited, I decide not to go.

Subordinating Conjunctions in Complex Sentences

The word used to link an independent clause to a dependent clause is called a subordinating conjunction. The most common subordinating conjunctions are although, as, because, before, even though, if, since, until, and when.

·        As Sherri blew out the candles atop her birthday cake, she caught her hair on fire.

·        Sara begins to sneeze whenever she opens the window to get a breath of fresh air.

·        When the doorbell rang, my dog Skeeter barked loudly.

Compound sentence

A compound sentence is made up of two independent clauses joined together with a coordinating conjunction. To express our thoughts and feelings properly, we need to link our ideas together. From around the age of 42 months, typically developing children start to join short sentences and phrases together with coordinating conjunctions, often starting with “and” and “or”.

There are seven coordination conjunctions, and an easy way to remember them is the acronym FANBOYS.

FANBOYS

·       For (“I don’t eat peanuts for I’m allergic to nuts.”)

·       And (“The girl bought an ice-cream and a lemonade.”)

·       Nor (“Dad wanted neither the red nor the yellow shirt.”)

·       But (“John likes movies, but not scary ones”.)

·       Or (“Should Mum have the strawberry or the chocolate ice cream”)

·       Yet (“She was scared yet gave the speech anyway.”)

·       So (“It started to rain so I put up my umbrella.”)

Learning to use coordinating conjunctions can boost sentence variety and complexity; and improve verbal reasoning and the social use of language in several functional ways. For example, coordinating conjunctions can be used to add things together (“and”), contrast things (“but”, “yet”), show alternatives (“or”, “nor”), explain reasons (“for”), or express results or consequences (“so”).